|
Table of Contents
|
| Linux Commands System Information |
|
|---|---|
| Command | Description |
| cal -3 | Display Calendar |
| ifconfig | Display Network Information |
| date | Display system Date and Time |
| netstat -tup | List Active Internet Connections |
| who | Current Users |
| w | Current Users Different Format |
| top | Display System Process Information |
| top -B -N 1 | List Processes |
| arp | Display Ethernet Info |
| last | Display Last Logins |
| whoami | Display Your Login Name |
| clear | Clears Terminal Window |
| df | Display Disk Space Usages |
| df -hT | Displays Disk Space Usage h = Human Readable. T = File Type. |
| man | Display Linux User Manual |
| man command | Display Command Info |
| sudo command | Execute Command As Super User |
| history | Display Command History |
| crontab -l | Display Scheduler |
| printenv | Display Environmental Variables |
| uname -a | Display System Info - OS, Kernel Version, etc |
| finger | Display Users & Processes |
| wall | Send Message To All Users (Use Ctrl-D at end of message) |
| visudo | Editor for Sudoers |
| dmesg | System Boot Log |
| runlevel | Displays Current Run Level |
| lsb_release -a | Display Ubuntu Release Info |
| lsusb | List USB Devices |
| gparted | Manage Partitions on Hard Drive & USB Drives |
| alias | Define A Command |
| ps aux | Display Process Information |
| sudo kill -0 processID | Kill a Specific Process |
| uptime | Display System Uptime |
| reset | Reset Terminal Session Display |
| lsof +D /mnt/windows | Display Process Using Drive |
| eject | Eject CD/DVD Drive |
| cat /proc/cpuinfo | Display CPU Information |
| time read | Stopwatch Press Enter To Stop |
| Network Information | |
| Command | Description |
| ping ip address | Check connectivity to IP Address |
| whois domain.com | Display Domain Information |
| dig domain.com a | Display Domain IP Information |
| arp -a | Display Router IP |
| nslookup domain.com | Display Domain Information |
| tcpdump | Display IP traffic |
| iftop | Display Bandwidth |
| findsmb | Find Windows & SMB Computers On Network |
| smbclient -L x.x.x.x | List Shares on SMB Computer |
| host gmail.com | To check If DNS Is Working |
| shutdown -r now | Shutdown and Restart |
| poweroff | Shuts down and power off |
| sudo tcpdump not port 22 | Monitor Non SSH Network Traffic |
| iwlist scan | View WiFi Networks |
| User Information | |
| Command | Description |
| finger username | Display Detailed User Info |
| passwd | Changes Your Password |
| gpasswd | administer the /etc/group file |
| cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd | sort | Display Linux User Accounts |
| skill -kill -u username | Bump User w/o Notice |
| File Information | |
| Command | Description |
| ls -al | List Files and Directories |
| ls | wc -l | Count of Files |
| du -h directoryname | Directory Size |
| pwd | Present Working Directory |
| cd | Change Directory |
| cp | Copy File |
| mv | Move File |
| rm | Remove or Delete File |
| mkdir | Make Directory |
| rmdir | Remove or Delete Directory |
| rm -r directoryname | Remove full directory |
| locate | Search for File |
| chmod | Change Permissions |
| chown | Change Owner |
| rm -rf ~/.Trash/* | Empty Trash |
| shred -u -z -v filename | Shred File |
| gpg -c filename.doc | Encrypt Filename |
| gpg filename.doc.gpg | Unencrypt Filename |
| mount | column -t | Display Mounted Filesystems |
| Executing Information | |
| Command | Description |
| sftp | Secure FTP File Transfers |
| wget www.website.com | Download website |
| ssh | Secure Shell |
| rsync | File Backup Between Computers |
| Linux System Files | |
|---|---|
| File | Description |
| /etc/issue | Ubuntu Version Number |
| /etc/fstab | This file contains descriptive information about the various file systems and their mount points, like floppies, cdroms, and so on. |
| /etc/network/interface | Ethernet Settings |
| /etc/passwd | A file that contains various pieces of information for each user account. This is where the users are defined. |
| /etc/profile | System Login Script For All Users |
| /home/john/.profile | User Login Script (For User john) |
| /etc/vsftpd.conf | FTP Server Configuration File |
| /etc/ssh/sshd_config | SSH Configuration File |
| /etc/issue.net | Banner Displayed After Login and Before Password |
| /etc/sudoers | List of who can run what |
| /etc/group | Local groups file |
| /etc/netgroup | List of network groups |
| /var/log/messages | System Messages |
| ~/dead.letter | Email that is unable to send |
| /boot/grub/menu.lst | Grub Boot Menu |
| /proc/cpuinfo | CPU Information |
| /proc/acpi/battery/BAT0/info | Battery Info (Sometimes BAT1) |
| Linux System Directories | |
|---|---|
| Directory | Usage |
| /bin | important binary applications |
| /boot | files that are required to boot the computer |
| /dev | the device files |
| /etc | configuration files, startup scripts, etc… |
| /etc/profile.d | contains scripts that are run by /etc/profile upon login. |
| /etc/rc.d | contains a number of shell scripts that are run on bootup at different run levels. There is also typically an rc.inet1 script to set up networking (in Slackwar), an rc.modules script to load modular device drivers, and an rc.local script that can be edited to run commands desired by the administrator, along the lines of autoexec.bat in DOS. |
| /etc/rc.d/init.d | contains most of the initialization scripts themselves on an rpm-based system. |
| /etc/rc.d/rc*.d | where “*� is a number corresponding to the default run level. Contains files for services to be started and stopped at that run level. On rpm-based systems, these files are symbolic links to the initialization scripts themselves, which are in /etc/rc.d/init.d. |
| /etc/skel | directory containing several example or skeleton initialization shells. Often contains subdirectories and files used to populate a new user’s home directory. |
| /etc/X11 | Configuration files for the X Window system |
| /home | Local users' home directories |
| /lib | System libraries |
| /lost+found | Provides a lost+found system for files that exist under the root (/) directory |
| /media | Mounted (loaded) removable media such as CDs, digital cameras, etc… |
| /mnt | Mounted filesystems |
| /opt | Provides a location for optional applications to be installed |
| /proc | Special dynamic directory that maintains information about the state of the system, including currently running processes |
| /root | Root user home directory, pronounced 'slash-root' |
| /sbin | Important system binaries |
| /srv | Provides a location for data used by servers |
| /sys | Contains information about the system |
| /tmp | Temporary files |
| /usr | Applications and files that are mostly available for all users to access |
| /usr/local/bin | The place to put your own programs. They will not be overwritten with upgrades. |
| /usr/share/doc | Documentation. |
| /var | Variable files such as logs and databases |
| /var/log | Log files |
How Bash Executes Startup Files
For Login shells (subject to the -noprofile option):
On logging in:
If ‘/etc/profile’ exists, then source it.
If ‘~/.bash_profile’ exists, then source it,
else if ‘~/.bash_login’ exists, then source it,
else if ‘~/.profile’ exists, then source it.
On logging out:
If ‘~/.bash_logout’ exists, source it.
For non-login interactive shells (subject to the -norc and
-rcfile options):
On starting up:
If ‘~/.bashrc’ exists, then source it.
bootlocal.sh can be compared to DOS' autoexec.bat. You add (non X programs, for X apps, use .xinitrc) commands that you want to start at boot here.
Here is the default content (DSL 1.5).
![[Home]](mb-home.png){kind=small}
![[Links]](mb-links.png){kind=small}
![[Contact]](mb-contact.png){kind=small}
#!/bin/bash
# put other system startup command here
/sbin/syslogd
loadkeys </path/to/your/selected/keymap>
/etc/init.d/sshd start
/opt/monkey/bin/banana start
Use Cron to schedule events in Linux.
Use Crontab -l to list the contents of Crontab.
Use Crontab -e to edit contents of Crontab.
* * * * * command to be executed
- - - - -
| | | | |
| | | | +----- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0)
| | | +------- month (1 - 12)
| | +--------- day of month (1 - 31)
| +----------- hour (0 - 23)
+------------- min (0 - 59)
Commands are shell commands. Separate multiple commands with a semicolon ";" and end on the line ending.
Activation parameters:
@reboot = run at boot and reboot only
@yearly = run at midnight Jan 1 each year (equiv to 0 0 1 1 *)
@annually = run at midnight Jan 1 each year (equiv to 0 0 1 1 *)
@monthly = run at midnight on the first day of each month (equiv to 0 0 1 * *)
@weekly = run at midnight each Sunday (equiv to 0 0 * * 0)
@daily = run at midnight each day (equiv to 0 0 * * *)
@ midnight = run at midnight each day (equiv to 0 0 * * *)
@ hourly = run on the first second of every hour (equiv to 0 * * * *)
- or -
1 2 3 4 5 = specific time tags
- where -
1 = Minute (of hour) to activate [0-59]
2 = Hour (of day) to activate [0-23]
3 = Day (of month) to activate [1-31 ... 29,30,31 may not activate during all months]
4 = Month (of year) to activate [1-12 or 3-letter names "Jan,Feb,Mar"]
5 = Weekday to activate [0-7 or 3-letter names "Mon,Tue,Wed"]
If 3-letter names are used on Month/Weekday instead of numbers, they are case-insensitive.
"Mon" and "mON" are equally acceptable.
If numbers are used for the weekday, "0" and "7" are both Sunday and are interchangeable.
Time tags are separated by spaces. Do not use spaces within a tag, this will confuse cron.
All five tags must be present. They are a logical AND of each other.
There is another space between the last time tag and the first command.
A time tag can be a wildcard "*", which means "all". It can be one value, several values, a range, or a fractional range.
Examples for the Hour column:
8 = one value: execute in the 8 AM hour
5,6,9 = multiple values: execute in the 5, 6, and 9 AM hours
5-8 = range: execute in each hour between 5-8 AM (inclusive)
*/2 = fractional: execute in every other hour. 0 (midnight), 2AM, 4AM, 6AM, etc
3-12/3 = fractional range: execute in every third hour between 3AM and 12PM: 3AM, 6AM, 9AM, 12PM
By default cron jobs sends a email to the user account executing the cronjob. If this is not needed put the following command At the end of the cron job line .
>/dev/null 2>&1
The following commands are for starting, stopping and restarting the FTP Server Service.
[root@bigboy tmp]# /etc/init.d/vsftpd start
[root@bigboy tmp]# /etc/init.d/vsftpd stop
[root@bigboy tmp]# /etc/init.d/vsftpd restart
/etc/vsftpd.conf
cat /etc/issue
To upgrade from Ubuntu 8.04, press Alt+F2 and type in "update-manager -d" (without the quotes) into the command box. Update Manager should open up and tell you: New distribution release '8.10' is available. Click Upgrade and follow the on-screen instructions.
Upgrade the repositories.
sudo apt-get update
Upgrade the packages of the currently installed version.
sudo apt-get upgrade
If you wish to upgrade to the newest version.
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
gksudo network-admin
Install a package.
sudo apt-get install package
To install the music player Amarok, for example.
sudo apt-get install amarok
Remove a package.
sudo apt-get remove package
To remove the Exaile music player, for example.
sudo apt-get remove exaile
Search for a package-name in the cache.
sudo apt-cache search <package-name>
sudo apt-cache search music player
Add extra repositories.
sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.backup
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ gutsy main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ gutsy main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ gutsy-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ gutsy-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ gutsy-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ gutsy-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu gutsy partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu gutsy partner
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu gutsy-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu gutsy-security main restricted universe multiverse
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install ubuntu-desktop
Guide to resetting lost Ubuntu password. Reboot into single user mode to reset it. Here's how to do it on a typical Ubuntu machine with the GRUB bootloader:
Boot Linux into single-user mode
1. Reboot the machine.
2. Press the ESC key while GRUB is loading to enter the menu.
3. If there is a 'recovery mode' option, select it and press 'b' to
boot into single user mode.
4. Otherwise, the default boot configuration should be selected. Press
'e' to edit it.
5. Highlight the line that begins with 'kernel'. Press 'e' again to
edit this line.
6. At the end of the line, add an additional parameter: 'single'. Hit
return to make the change and press 'b' to boot.
Change the admin password
The system should load into single user mode and you'll be left at the
command line automatically logged in as root. Type 'passwd' to change
the root password or 'passwd someuser' to change the password for your
"someuser" admin account.
Reboot
Once your done, give the three finger salute, or enter 'reboot' to
restart into your machine's normal configuration.
The Samba project was started in 1992 by Andrew Tridgell. Samba is a set of tools to share files and printers with computers running Microsoft Windows. It implements the SMB network protocol, which is the heart of Windows networking.
To find Samba servers or Windows computers on a Linux Network.
findsmb
smbclient -L 192.168.1.2 -U%
To connect to a Windows computer or samba server.
smbclient
To change users samba password.
sudo smbpasswd -a username
To edit the Samba configuration.
sudo nano -w /etc/samba/smb.conf
Restart Samba after making configuration change.
sudo /etc/init.d/samba reload
Setting up Samba documentation:
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SettingUpSamba
Use Alias to define a command. In the example below alias defines 'dir' as 'ls -al'.
alias dir='ls -al'
sudo useradd -d /home/<username> -m <username>
To Set the password for the new account use this;
sudo passwd <username>
sudo adduser <username>
useradd -G groupname username
How to Delete users accounts
sudo userdel <username>
sudo rm -r /home/<username>/
sudo apt-get install john
sudo john /etc/shadow
Restart Ubuntu in safe mode and type:
passwd
groupadd developers
grep developers /etc/group
To empty trash via Terminal.
sudo rm -rf ~/.Trash/*
sudo rm -rf ~/.local/share/Trash/files/*
Use the following when unable to delete files in a directory due to too many files.
find . -name 'something*' -print0 | xargs -0 rm -rf
The example below deletes files older than 5 days old.
find /path/to/files* -mtime +5 -exec rm {} \;
To Force, Add -f
find /path/to/files* -mtime +5 -exec rm -f {} \;
chown [-R] newowner filenames
-R Change the permission on files that are in the
subdirectories of the directory that you are currently in.
newowner The alias/username of the new owner of the file.
filenames The file that you are changing the rights to.
Examples
chown john file.txt - Give permissions as owner to user john.
chgrp newgroup filenames [-f] [-h]
newgroup Specifies the new group that you wish to allow access
to.
filenames Specifies the files that the newgroup has access to.
-f Force. Do not report errors.
-h If the file is a symbolic link, change the group of the symbolic
link. Without this option, the group of the file referenced by the
symbolic link is changed.
-R Recursive. chgrp descends through the directory, and any
subdirectories, setting the specified group ID as it proceeds. When a
symbolic link is encountered, the group of the target file is changed
(unless the -h option is specified), but no recursion takes place.
Examples
chgrp mygroup1 file.txt - Would change the group to mygroup1 for the file file.txt if present and the group mygroup1 is valid.
Examples of Chmod.
chmod 400 file - Read by owner
chmod 040 file - Read by group
chmod 004 file - Read by world
chmod 200 file - Write by owner
chmod 020 file - Write by group
chmod 002 file - Write by world
chmod 100 file - execute by owner
chmod 010 file - execute by group
chmod 001 file - execute by world
To combine these just add the numbers together:
chmod 444 file - Allow read permission to owner and group and world
chmod 777 file - Allow everyone to read, write, and execute file
PERMISSION COMMAND
| U | G | O | Command | Usage |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| rwx (7) | rwx (7) | rwx (7) | chmod 777 filename | User: Read Write Execute Group: Read Write Execute Other: Read Write Execute |
| rwx (7) | rwx (7) | r-x (5) | chmod 775 filename | User: Read Write Execute Group: Read Write Execute Other: Read Execute |
| rwx (7) | r-x (5) | r-x (5) | chmod 755 filename | User: Read Write Execute Group: Read Execute Other: Read Execute |
| Legend | |
|---|---|
| U | User - Owner of File |
| G | Group |
| O | Other - Everyone Else |
| r | Readable |
| w | Writable |
| x | Executable |
| - | No Permission |
To make an .iso file from files in a directory, use mkisofs:
mkisofs -o file.iso directory_of_files
For additional options:
http://www.oreillynet.com/linux/cmd/cmd.csp?path=m/mkisofs
This will make an iso from the CD or DVD drive:
dd if=/dev/cdrom of=/cdrom_image.iso
To list files in an .iso file, use isoinfo:
isoinfo -l -i filename.iso |more
You can also find out more about the ISO image by using
isoinfo -d -i filename.iso |more
Use the following to mount and use an .iso file (opposed to
burning a CD):
Make a directory for it, then mount it.
mkdir /mnt/iso
mount NAME.iso /mnt/iso/ -t iso9660 -o loop
Use the following to make a RAM Disk / Drive for fast read /
write speeds:
The example below creates a 128MB Ram Drive. Enter a different value to
create a different size.
mkdir/ ramdisk
mount none -t tmpfs -o size=128M /ramdisk
Use the following to display processes currently using a drive:
[[/code]]
lsof +D /mnt/windows
[[/code]]
Provide a default location for users to securely store
sensitive data using filesystem encryption.
Encrypts ~/Private
To install:
sudo apt-get install ecryptfs-utils
ecryptfs-setup-private
To use the encrypted folder:
mount.ecryptfs_private
Use GPG for public key encryption. Use FireGPG (install from browser plugins) for the Mozilla Firefox Browser and GMail. Use GPA (sudo apt-get install gpa) for a good GUI Interface for GPG.
To check encryption version:
gpg --version
To Encrypt a file:
gpg -c filename.doc
To Decrypt the file:
gpg filename.doc.gpg
Use the following code to assign the value of your external IP
address to the $IP variable.
http://whatismyip.org/
also works.
john@Laptop01:~$ ip=$( wget -qO - http://cfaj.freeshell.org/ipaddr.cgi )
john@Laptop01:~$ echo $ip
68.178.187.109
sudo apt-get install ssh
Restart SSH Daemon
/etc/init.d/sshd restart
Connecting via SSH with X option for graphics and D option for forwarding port 1080:
ssh -X -D 1080 user@192.168.1.x
To copy a file from your computer to another computer with ssh you will need to use secure copy, the scp command. The command would look like this.
scp <file> <username>@<IP address or hostname>:<DestinationDirectory>
Example of copying a file from the machine that you are on to a remote machine.
scp "New Document.odw" joe@laptop:"/home/joe/Summer 2005"
Example of copying files from remote computer to local directory.
scp hornbeck@192.168.1.103:/home/hornbeck/otherfile.txt .
Example below runs rsync to backup
//laptop01/home/john/Desktop to
//RemoteDomain.com/home/john/Laptop01-backup
sudo rsync -azvv -e ssh /home/john/Desktop moc.niamoDetomeR|resU#moc.niamoDetomeR|resU:./Laptop01-backup
sudo beaver filename
sudo nano filename
To change the SSH login message at sign in. Uncomment the Banner /etc/issue.net line in /etc/ssh/sshd_config. Then put your message in /etc/issue.net and it'll be displayed before you put in your password.
Use wget (multi purpose download tool) to download content from the internet via HTTP, HTTPS & FTP sites. Also, use Wget to pull in updated jpgs every x minutes via crontab.
# Store local browsable version of a page to the current dir
(cd cli && wget -nd -pHEKk http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html)
# Continue downloading a partially downloaded file
wget -c http://www.example.com/large.file
# Download a set of files to the current directory
wget -r -nd -np -l1 -A '*.jpg' http://www.example.com/dir/
# FTP supports globbing directly
wget ftp://remote/file[1-9].iso/
# Process output directly
wget -q -O- http://www.pixelbeat.org/timeline.html | grep 'a href' | head
# Download url at 1AM to current dir
echo 'wget url' | at 01:00
# Do a low priority download (limit to 20KB/s in this case)
wget --limit-rate=20k url
# Check links in a file
wget -nv --spider --force-html -i bookmarks.html
# Efficiently update a local copy of a site (handy from cron)
wget --mirror http://www.example.com/
Sample of /etc/networking/interfaces to force internal IP to 192.168.1.210.
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
iface eth0 inet static
address 192.168.1.210
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 192.168.1.1
auto eth0
/etc/init.d/networking restart
This can be used to block users from going to a site, or
prevent info from a site to come in.
Edit /etc/hosts and add the following line:
127.0.0.1 website.com
127.0.0.1 http://www.doubleclick.net/
Create a file called test.sh via Nano editor if using Ubuntu or Beaver editor if using DSL. Include '#!/bin/bash' in the first line of the script file.
#!/bin/bash
ls -al
cal -3
sudo chmod +x test.sh
To view test.sh script file.
sudo cat ~/Desktop/test.sh
To Execute Script
sudo ~/Desktop/test.sh
Creating a varable.
tempname=$(date +%m%d%y)
echo $tempname
061108
Script with variables.
#!/bin/sh
#
STARTED=`date`
NODE=`uname -n`
OS=`uname -o`
CPU=`uname -p`
FINISHED=`date`
#
echo "Nodename: $NODE"
echo "OS type: $OS"
echo "Processor: $CPU"
echo "Script start time: $STARTED"
echo "Script finish time: $FINISHED"
Results
ubuntu$ /tmp/1.sh
Nodename: ubuntu
OS type: GNU/Linux
Processor: unknown
Script start time: Wed May 7 05:05:31 CDT 2008
Script finish time: Wed May 7 05:05:31 CDT 2008
Obtain date and create 'now' variable.
john@Laptop01:~$ now=$(date +"%Y-%m%d-%H%M%S")
john@Laptop01:~$ echo $now
2008-0611-213811
john@Laptop01:~$ testfile="$now File 01.log"
john@Laptop01:~$ echo $testfile
2008-0611-213811 File 01.log
john@Laptop01:~$ echo "hello world" > "$testfile"
john@Laptop01:~$ ls "$testfile"
2008-0611-213811 File 01.log
john@Laptop01:~$ cat "2008-0611-213811 File 01.log"
hello world
Obtain date and create 'now' variable.
john@WarEagleServer:~$ now=$(date +"%Y-%m%d-%H%M%S")
john@WarEagleServer:~$ echo $now
2008-0612-075012
john@WarEagleServer:~$ testdir="$now Test Directory 01"
john@WarEagleServer:~$ echo $testdir
2008-0612-075012 Test Directory 01
john@WarEagleServer:~$ mkdir "$testdir"
john@WarEagleServer:~$ ls -adl "2008-0612-075012 Test Directory 01"
drwxr-xr-x 2 john admin 4096 2008-06-12 07:52 2008-0612-075012 Test Directory 01
john@WarEagleServer:~$ cd "2008-0612-075012 Test Directory 01"
john@WarEagleServer:~/2008-0612-075012 Test Directory 01$ pwd
/home/john/2008-0612-075012 Test Directory 01
#!/bin/sh
#
sudo rsync -azvv -e ssh /home/john/Desktop moc.niamoDetomeR|resU#moc.niamoDetomeR|resU:./Laptop01-backup
Check for file existence.
#!/bin/bash
file="./file"
if [ -e $file ]; then
echo "File exists"
else
echo "File does not exists"
fi
-b filename Block special file
-c filename Special character file
-d directoryname Check for directory existence
-e filename Check for file existence
-f filename Check for regular file existence not a directory
-G filename Check if file exists and is owned by effective group ID.
-g filename true if file exists and is set-group-id.
-k filename Sticky bit
-L filename Symbolic link
-O filename True if file exists and is owned by the effective user id.
-r filename Check if file is a readable
-S filename Check if file is socket
-s filename Check if file is nonzero size
-u filename Check if file set-ser-id bit is set
-w filename Check if file is writable
-x filename Check if file is executable
Use Samba to allow file sharing with Windows computers.
The installation and usage command lines can be run remotely via SSH -X
x.x.x.x.
To install Samba:
sudo apt-get install system-config-samba
To run the Samba Configuration program:
gksu system-config-samba
To list Samba Computers on Network:
findsmb
Display DNS Setting.
Default setting for /etc/resolv.conf.
cat /etc/resolv.conf
# generated by NetworkManager, do not edit!
nameserver 192.168.1.1
If DNS does not appear to be working, make the following
change. The
additional two lines actually forces the server to use OpenDNS. OpenDNS
Nameservers (208.67.222.222 & 208.67.220.220).
cat /etc/resolv.conf
# generated by NetworkManager, do not edit!
nameserver 208.67.222.222
nameserver 208.67.220.220
nameserver 192.168.1.1
Setup Command Line Email To Send Via Gmail.
sudo apt-get install ssmtp
sudo apt-get install mailutils
Configure /etc/ssmtp/ssmtp.conf for Gmail.
$ cat /etc/ssmtp/ssmtp.conf
#
# Config file for sSMTP sendmail
#
# The person who gets all mail for userids < 1000
# Make this empty to disable rewriting.
root=gmail_account_name@gmail.com # Your email address
# The place where the mail goes. The actual machine name is required no
# MX records are consulted. Commonly mailhosts are named mail.domain.com
mailhub=smtp.gmail.com:587 # Address and port number to send mail to
hostname=smtp.gmail.com:587
UseSTARTTLS=YES # Send SSL/TLS messages to Gmail
AuthUser=gmail_account_name # Your Gmail Username
AuthPass=gmail_password # Your Gmail Password
# Where will the mail seem to come from?
#rewriteDomain=gmail.com # So the message appears to come from Gmail
# The full hostname
hostname=your_linux_hostname # Hostname: use hostname -f in a Terminal
# Are users allowed to set their own From: address?
# YES - Allow the user to specify their own From: address
# NO - Use the system generated From: address
#FromLineOverride=YES # So the message appears to come from Gmail
root:youraccount@gmail.com:smtp.gmail.com:587
# mainuser:youraccount@gmail.com:smtp.gmail.com:587 # Not sure if this line is needed.
Test Email by sending word test
$ echo test | mail -s test destination_email_address@domain.com
If mail delivery fails ssmtp stores message in ~/dead.letter.
You can resend it later using the following command.
$ cat ~/dead.letter | sendmail user@domain.tld
Once email is setup configured correctly and appears to be working properly, if it ever fails to work, and you have not made any changes to the system, check the Gmail account that is being used. The following address will allow you to unlock a locked Gmail account.
http://www.google.com/accounts/DisplayUnlockCaptcha
Identify the terminal session, then direct output to the terminal session.
john@laptop01:~$ w
21:03:22 up 5:07, 3 users, load average: 0.66, 0.73, 0.64
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
john tty7 :0 15:57 5:07 25:02m 0.26s x-session-manag
john pts/0 :0.0 21:02 24.00s 0.24s 0.24s bash
john pts/1 :0.0 21:03 0.00s 0.18s 0.00s w
john@laptop01:~$ echo 'test' > /dev/pts/0
john@laptop01:~$ ls -al > /dev/pts/0
Write a script and put it in the /etc/init.d/ directory.
In this example the script is "Script.sh".
Next make the script an executable:
chmod +x Script.sh
% update-rc.d Script.sh defaults
update-rc.d is a Debian utility to install scripts. The option “defaults� puts a link to start FOO in run levels 2, 3, 4 and 5. (and puts a link to stop Script.sh into 0, 1 and 6.)
To identify your runlevel in, use the runlevel command.
TrueCrypt – Used to create a virtual drive using an encrypted file.
http://www.truecrypt.org/downloads.php
To mount the cryptfile to mountpoint, a folder you have previously created, the -u option is needed to set the permissions to the user otherwise you can not write back to the Virtual Disk unless Root
truecrypt -u containerfile mountpoint
Example - Where an empty vd directory exists under ~/Safe
truecrypt -u ~/Safe/tc01092006.tc ~/Safe/vd
Unmount all Virtual Disks
truecrypt -d
To create a container the following command takes you through the steps interactively
truecrypt -c
Script Examples to mount drives manually
#!/bin/bash
sudo truecrypt /dev/sda1 /home/john/tcPassport2500
Go to http://dyndns.org and create a new free account.
To install dyndns client:
sudo apt-get install ddclient
Example of simple /etc/ddclient.conf
Example of more detailed /etc/ddclient.conf
Edit /etc/default/ddclient
run_deamon="true"
Restart ddclient:
sudo /etc/init.d/ddclient restart
http://ubuntulinuxhowto.blogspot.com/2006/06/dynamic-dns-no-ip.html
Go to: http://backports.org/debian/pool/main/n/nvu/
Download: nvu_1.0final-0bpo1_i386.deb
P7Zip is a quick port of 7z.exe and 7za.exe (command line
version of
7zip, see www.7-zip.org) for Unix. 7-Zip is a file archiver with
highest compression ratio. 7-Zip works with Linux, Windows and OS-X.
Use P7Zip for compression and AES-256 file encryption.
To install P7Zip
sudo apt-get install p7zip
For the full verison of P7Zip you will need to install the following. (Recommended).
sudo apt-get install p7zip-full
To use the full version of 7-Zip, type 7z at the command line.
Type '7z —help' for help.
Use the follow to archive a file.
7z a archive.7z file.txt
7z x archive.7z
7z a -psecret -mhe archive.7z file.txt
7z a -tzip -psecret -mem=AES256 archive.zip file.txt
7z l -slt archive.7z
P7ZIP Online Manual: (http://www.bugaco.com/7zip)
P7Zip Support Page: (http://sourceforge.net/projects/p7zip)
sudo apt-get install frozen-bubble
KeePass is a crossplatform password manager. To install it simply run:
sudo apt-get install keepassx
To install iftop
sudo apt-get install iftop
iftop
If using an i386 computer install the sun-java5-plugin package from the “Multiverse� repository.
The D-Link Bluetooth DBT-122 works very well with Ubuntu.
Two Steps for the D-LInk Bluetooth DBT-122:
sudo apt-get install bluez-utils
sudo apt-get install gnome-bluetooth
To View Content on Phone via Browser:
obex://[00:15:A8:2E:30:D3]/audio
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Java
++++ **2.7.13 Midnight Commander - File Manager*
Midnight Commander is a command line file manager.
To install.
sudo apt-get install mc
sudo apt-get install vlc vlc-plugin-* mozilla-plugin-vlc
Command line install for Flash Player.
wget http://fpdownload.macromedia.com/get/flashplayer/current/install_flash_player_9_linux.tar.gz
tar xvfz install_flash_player_9_linux
cd install_flash_player_9_linux
./flashplayer-installer
about:plugins
Installing Flash Player in Firefox on Ubuntu Gutsy via GUI.
http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/linux/installing-flash-player-in-firefox-on-ubuntu-gutsy/
http://winehq.org/site/download-deb
To install:
Go to Add/Remove Programs and select Bulk File Renamer
To install:
sudo apt-get install ufw
For the GUI for ufw
Go to: http://gufw.tuxfamily.org
Or From the command line:
sudo apt-get install gufw
gufw
To install:
sudo apt-get install chkrootkit
chkrootkit
This program pulls photos from digital camera memory and stores to computer. It creates a directory and names it based on the current date & time. It also removes the files from the digital camera memory after copying it.
Application pulls Gulf Shores photos from ABC33/40.com. Can be added to Crontab to pull at certain times.
Display various system stats.
$ cat serverstatus.sh
Send report via email.
$ cat emailserverstatus.sh
/home/john/serverstatus.sh > /home/john/serverstatus.log
mail -s "Your_Server Status" You@gmail.com < /home/john/serverstatus.log
Type the following in the address line on the browser to access config options.
about:config
-If you are using your home computer as the SSH server, you need to find out the external IP address of your home router or use DynDNS to map your external router IP to a hostname. You can find out the external IP address of your router by going to WhatsMyIP.org from a computer in your house.
-Install the SSH server on your Ubuntu computer at home using the following command at the Terminal:
sudo apt-get install ssh
-Set up port-forwarding on your router to forward any external SSH traffic to your Ubuntu SSH server in your house. Consult your router manual for information on how to set this up.
-Make sure you leave your home SSH server running before you leave the house with your laptop.
-At the hotspot run the following command in the Terminal to establish the SSH tunnel:
ssh -ND 9999 username@home_router_ip_address
-Configure Firefox to use the SSH tunnel as a proxy server by going to “Edit -> Preferences�, selecting the “Advanced� tab, selecting the “Network� tab and clicking on “Settings…� under the “Connection� section. Select “Manual Proxy Configuration� and set up a SOCKS Host for “localhost� and Port 9999. Also choose “SOCKS v5.�
-To also, encrypt DNS lookups in the tunnel go to “about:config� in your browser. Set the network.proxy.socks_remote_dns setting.
network.proxy.socks_remote_dns = true
To pull .swf videos from Dayport which is used by CBS stations check the following folder for a cache file the size of the viewed file. Folder name may vary.
~/.mozilla/firefox/zg37avl5.default/Cache$
To pull .flv videos from ABC stations check the 'Embed Video:' field under the video. An example of one below.
<object id='VideoPlayback' type='application/x-shockwave-flash' height='280' width='320'> <param value='http://cfc.abc3340.com/mediaplayer.swf' name='movie' /> <param value='always' name='allowScriptAcess' /> <param value='transparent' name='wmode' /> <param value='best' name='quality' /> <param value='#000000' name='bgcolor' /> <param value='noScale' name='scale' /> <param value='TL' name='salign' /> <param value='file=http://cfc.abc3340.com/xmls/abc3340_22733.xml' name='FlashVars' /></object>
http://cfc.abc3340.com/xmls/abc3340_22733.xml'
This XML file does not appear to have any style information associated with it. The document tree is shown below.
−
<playlist version="1">
<title>ABC 33/40 News Video</title>
<info>http://www.abc3340.com</info>
−
<trackList>
−
<track>
<title>ABC 33/40 News</title>
−
<location>
http://oascentral.abc3340.com/RealMedia/ads/adstream_sx.ads/www.abc3340.com/video/hs-v/@x10
</location>
<info>http://www.abc3340.com</info>
<album>preroll</album>
</track>
−
<track>
<title>ABC 33/40 News</title>
<creator>ABC 33/40 News</creator>
−
<location>
http://www.acc-tv.com/sites/abc3340/news/stories/0908/video/0912-blitzgow.flv
</location>
−
<image>
http://www.acc-tv.com/images/abc3340/news/vidcap_0912-blitzgow.jpg
</image>
</track>
−
<track>
<title>ABC 33/40 News</title>
−
<location>
http://oascentral.abc3340.com/RealMedia/ads/adstream_sx.ads/www.abc3340.com/video/hs-v/@x11
</location>
<info>http://www.abc3340.com</info>
<album>postroll</album>
</track>
</trackList>
</playlist>
<!--node1-->
http://www.acc-tv.com/sites/abc3340/news/stories/0908/video/0912-blitzgow.flv
john@Laptop01:~$ wget http://www.acc-tv.com/sites/abc3340/news/stories/0908/video/0912-blitzgow.flv
--19:12:51-- http://www.acc-tv.com/sites/abc3340/news/stories/0908/video/0912-blitzgow.flv
=> `0912-blitzgow.flv.1'
Resolving www.acc-tv.com... 216.147.203.200
Connecting to www.acc-tv.com|216.147.203.200|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 18,379,153 (18M) [video/x-flv]
100%[====================================>] 18,379,153 486.46K/s ETA 00:00
19:13:29 (474.64 KB/s) - `0912-blitzgow.flv.1' saved [18379153/18379153]
This works with .avi and .wmv and may work with over movie formats.
First make sure that mplayer is installed, from the command line:
sudo apt-get install mplayer
Then, to actually watch the movies from a terminal window, use the following syntax, replacing MovieName with the filename of your video.
mplayer -vo caca MovieName.avi
The "caca" command is actually the color text driver - you could also use " -vo aa " instead for black & white.
Make the following changes to your Ubuntu Desktop to have your computer boot directly to the command line.
sudo update-rc.d -f gdm remove
To run the desktop:
sudo gdm
The following will setup your computer to call once it's
booted. The
call is made 2 minutes after booting. User does not have to login.
First create script that will email and call. Notice script also sends
IP address.
sleep 120
/usr/bin/wget -qO /home/john/ip.txt http://whatismyip.org
echo "." >> /home/john/ip.txt
/usr/bin/mail -s $( cat /etc/hostname)" Booted - "$(date +%m/%d/%Y)" "$(date +%H:%M:%S) youremailaddress@gmail.com < /home/john/ip.txt
/usr/bin/mail -s $( cat /etc/hostname)" Booted - "$(date +%m/%d/%Y)" "$(date +%H:%M:%S) yourphonenumber@txt.att.net < /home/john/ip.txt
Save the file as Call.sh.
Next copy the file to the /etc/init.d folder.
Make the file executable.
sudo chmod +x Call.sh
sudo update-rc.d Call.sh start 99 2 3 4 5 .
To remove, delete the script and run the update with the remove parameter:
sudo rm /etc/init.d/Call.sh
sudo update-rc.d Call.sh remove
To resolve the following error:
sudo: unable to execute /bin/chmod: Argument list too long
The example below is for issuing a 'chmod 0644' command on a very high number of files.
sudo find . -type f -exec chmod 0644 {} \; -print
To install clamav:
sudo apt-get install clamav
To update ClamAV data files:
sudo freshclam
To run ClamAV:
clamscan -i -r /
The script below displays the ClamAV version number, updates the data files, runs a scan, and emails the results to you.
# ClamAV Script
# John 2009-0327
#
# Write Version Number To Log
clamscan -V > /home/john/clamav.log
#
# Update Data Files
freshclam >> /home/john/clamav.log
#
# Run Actual Scan
clamscan -r -i / >> /home/john/clamav.log
#
# Send Email of Scan Results
mail -s $( cat /etc/hostname)" ClamAV Report - "$(date +%m/%d/%Y)" "$(date +%H:%M:%S) youremailaddress@domain.com < /home/john/clamav.log
To recover from a lost user name or password:
1) Turn on your computer, and as soon as you the Press Esc to enter grub message.
2) Select the option that says (recovery mode).
3) Your PC will boot into a shell.
At the command prompt, type “passwd username� where the username is
your username.
If you can’t remember your username, then you can type “ls /home�
which should bring it up.
4) Enter a new password when prompted, and again when prompted
again.
Type “shutdown -r now� to reboot your system.
For detailed instructions see:
http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=2780
Install temperature sensor:
sudo apt-get install lm-sensors
#!/bin/bash
# Here you can set several defaults.
# The number of devices to create (max: 256)
NUMBER=32
# The owner and group of the devices
OUSER=root
OGROUP=root
# The mode of the devices
MODE=600
# This script doesn't need to be run if devfs is used
if [ -r /proc/mounts ] ; then
if grep -q "/dev devfs" /proc/mounts ; then
echo "You do not need to run this script as your system uses devfs."
exit;
fi
fi
i=0;
while [ $i -lt $NUMBER ] ; do
echo /dev/i2c-$i
mknod -m $MODE /dev/i2c-$i c 89 $i || exit
chown "$OUSER:$OGROUP" /dev/i2c-$i || exit
i=$[$i + 1]
done
Detect sensors:
sensors-detect
To monitor sensors:
sensors -f
Create document with information.
You can use an editor such a nano to create the .txt file or via
command line.
echo "This is the information to be hidden" > test.txt
7za a test.zip test.txt
cat image.jpg test.zip >> newimage.jpg
7za e newimage.jpg
For buffering issues with Normal YouTube Video:
Add the following tag "&fmt=18" (without the quotes) to the end
of the URL and reload that page.
For buffering issues with HD YouTube Video:
Add the following tag "&fmt=22" (without the quotes) to the end
of the URL and reload that page.
Source: http://techreport.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=30&t=64937&start=0&st=0&sk=t&sd=a
Basic applications to install after initial Linux install.
| Fresh Linux
Install App Checklist |
|
|---|---|
| Applications | Installation |
| Truecrypt | From Repository / Synaptic Package Manager (actually installed from web site) |
| KeePassX | From Repository / Synaptic Package Manager |
| GParted | From Repository / Synaptic Package Manager |
| ufw | sudo apt-get ufw |
| ClamAV | sudo apt-get clamav |
| sudo apt-get install ssmtp & sudo apt-get install mailutils (configure /etc/ssmtp/ssmtp/conf) | |
| DynDNS | sudo apt-get install ddclient (configure /etc/ddclient.conf) |
| VirtualBox | From VirtualBox.org |
| Adobe Flash | Loaded via get.adobe.com/flashplayer |
| Java | sun-java5-plugin & sun-java5-bin (From Repository / Synaptic Package Manager) |
| VLC | sudo apt-get install vlc |
| p7zip | sudo apt-get install p7zip-full |
| Real Player | http://www.real.com/offer/linux |
Also check out JohnMcGough.com/office for more application options.
GPS Connectivity.
Install gpsbabel to pull .gpx file from your GPS. sudo apt-get install gpsbabel sudo gpsbabel -i garmin -f usb: -o gpx -F waypoints.gpx GPSMap 60CSx ConnectivityCisco VPN.
Cisco Anyconnect VPN Client For Linux
cd to the binaries folder
sudo ./vpnsetup.sh
During setup you can run index.html.
Use /opt/cisco/vpn/bin and run vpnui (./vpnui) or vpn (./vpn) if Cisco
does not show in menu.
Command line interface commands:
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/
File: anyconnect-linux-2.4.0202-k9.pkg
Download Site: http://www.asc.edu/downloads/CiscoVPN/
dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdb
dd if=/dev/sda of=/media/EXTERNAL/backup.img bs=4096
dd if=/media/EXTERNAL/backup.img of=/dev/sda bs=4096